Second Chance Donor Donation Essay - 790 Words

Second Chance Organ donation has been a part of this world since the beginning of time, many tales have been told that body parts were taken from one person or animal and was put into another body (Organ Tissue Transplants). The first half of the twentieth century, doctors placed animal organs into human beings (Organ and Tissue Transplants). It wasn’t until doctors in Russia by the name of Dr. U. Voronoy, in the year of 1936, performed the first human-to-human kidney transplant (Organ Tissue Trans). Although, the surgery by Dr. U. Voronoy was successful, the patient died after only two days with the new kidney. After many unsuccessful trials the with the transplantation of kidneys, it wasnt until Ronald Herrick wanted to†¦show more content†¦Although there is a transplant everyday in America, many people die waiting because many people do not donate. The demand of organs in the United States have caused an influence on the practice of medicine. Organs are at such great demand, that many scientist and doctors are searching for alternative methods. Scientist have been studying the use of artificial organs, xenotransplantation, and cloning organs. Artificial organs have been in used since the 1940s, many lives have been saved with this option until they can receive human organ. Xenotransplantation is the use of animal body parts for humans, many doctors realized that large primates have 98 percent of the same genetic makeup of humans (Organ and Tissue Transplants). Doctors decided to use animal organs because patients will a better life waiting for a human transplant then suffering with a failing organ (Transplant). Then cloning organs is a man made organ system when Doctors take the cells of the patient to grow the organ the patient needs. Doctors have had to become creative and find new methods of finding organs to solve the short age. Many Americans are not willing to donate their organs because many believe myths causing doctors to look for alternative methods. There are many myths that Americans believe that stop them from donating, One donor can save as many as eight lives(Transplant). MoneyShow MoreRelated Organ Donation Essay740 Words   |  3 PagesOrgan Donation Organ donation is a topic which contains many conflicting views. To some of the public population organ donation is a genuine way of saving the life of another, to some it is mistrusted and to others it is not fully understood. There are some techniques that can be used to increase donation. Of these techniques the most crucial would be being educated. If the life threatening and the critical shortage of organs was fully understood by the public, organ donation wouldRead MoreEssay about Persuasive Speech: Why Be an Organ Donor588 Words   |  3 Pagesaudience to become organ donors and sign up online Central Idea: my central idea are what organ donation is and how it works, arguments against organ donation and refutations, and how to become an organ donor and benefits of organ donation Good evening, everyone I want to start by doing a quick poll, just raise your hand once I asked the question. Has anyone here ever saved a life from ending? If a good portion say, â€Å"you can save even more people by becoming an organ donor.† If not a good portionRead MoreEssay on Transplants 1423 Words   |  6 PagesTransplants How many times have you been in line to get a new drivers license and heard the clerk ask very plainly and without any real inflection of voice, would you like to be an organ donor? You don’t know if you should answer yes or no. What if you answered yes? What would you need to do to have your wishes fulfilled? I will inform of what you need to know to have your wishes carried out. Who can donate organs, and how many people are waiting in KY and Nationally for an organ transplantRead MorePersuasive Outline-Organ Donation886 Words   |  4 PagesSPEECH OUTLINE – ORGAN DONATION Topic:  Organ donation Thesis Statement:  Becoming an organ donor after death is not only an important decision for yourself, but it is also an important decision for the life that you may have the power to save. Purpose:  To persuade my audience to consider becoming organ donors after death    Introduction: 1. Organ donation is a selfless way to give back to others, and to be able to make a huge difference by giving another person a second chance at life. 2. Read MorePersuasive Speech : Organ Donor1480 Words   |  6 Pagespersuade Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience of the importance of becoming an organ donor to save lives. Thesis: Becoming an organ donor can give severely ill people another chance at living a normal life. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Imagine having a loved one who is in end stage organ failure and has been put on the organ transplant waiting list, in hopes getting the chance to live. B. Reason to Listen: With the long list of people waiting to receive an organRead MoreImportance Of Organ Donation Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Organ Donation While researching about organ donation, many articles brought forth the fact of how important organ donation is. This topic, however, is a big controversy among many people, especially families. Several articles, magazines, and previous research articles all share what organ donation really is and why it is important. By being a donor, you can save many lives in the end. My goal for this paper is to bring forth the importance of organ donation. Reasons to why it isRead MoreThe Health Benefits Of Blood Transfusions1009 Words   |  5 Pages​Although 38% of the U.S. population is eligible to donate blood, less than 10% of them do it annually (American Red Cross). More than 41,000 blood donations are required each day by patients in hospitals across America. A pint of donated blood can save the lives of up to three people. Blood transfusions’ are fundamental in the healthcare management of patients in the U.S. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institut e every year approximately 5 million Americans need blood transfusionsRead MoreOrgan Donation1163 Words   |  5 Pageseveryone would want to be able to say I have saved a life. But by becoming an organ donor, you can be able to say â€Å"I will save a life.† Organ donation is a selfless way to give back to others, and to be able to make a huge difference by giving another person a second chance at life. Unfortunately, the number of patients waiting for organs far exceeds the number of people who have registered to become organ donors. Patients are forced to wait months, even years for a match, and far too many die beforeRead MoreOrgan Donation. â€Å"Organ Donation Is Not A Tragedy, But It1112 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan Donation â€Å"Organ donation is not a tragedy, but it can be a beautiful light, in the midst of one† (Unknown). There has been many disbeliefs about donating your organs over the years. The organ demand drastically exceeds the available supply, which is why more people need to be organ donors. People should become organ donors because of the limited availability of organs and the chance to save many lives. Although many people think that if you are an organ donor doctors won’t try as hard toRead MoreThe Importance of Promoting Organ Donations Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagespeople having someone give a gift of an organ donation is known has a second chance, a fresh start, and a new beginning at living a normal life again. Every year people on the wait list increase in numbers due to lack of organ donation shortages therefore, finding a donor becomes difficult because in order to receive a transplant the recipient must be compatible with his or her donor in several ways. In order to have a successful transplant the donor must have the same blood type, tissue type,

The Keys For A Career - 2210 Words

The Keys to Having a Successful Career in Nursing According to Christine Belle, â€Å"Our job as nurses is to cushion the sorrow and celebrate the job, every day, while we are â€Å"just doing our jobs.† A Registered Nurse is in great demand. To be a Registered Nurse, one has to earn either an Associates or a Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing. When an employer is looking to hire a nurse in 2016, they’re starting to look for more than just where the person went to school at. Being a nurse can sometimes be challenging. Some of the responsibilities of a nurse are to monitor vital signs, perform procedures such as inserting IVs, drawing blood, and, distributing medications. A nurse has more contact with the patient than the doctor does therefore a nurse is typically the first to note problems or raise concerns about certain conditions or progression. Also, a nurse takes care of day-to-day operations like discharging patients and explaining their condition to them until the doctor is available to come. There is really no way to teach someone how to be compassionate, it just comes naturally. Though anyone can go to nursing school and become a nurse, it takes a lot to be a successful nurse. Some good qualities to have as a nurse are a caring heart, reasonable, detail-oriented, and selfless. Despite the physical and emotional demand that is placed on nurses, to have a successful career in nursing, one must be sensitive to diversity, must know how to cope with stress properly, and must have greatShow MoreRelatedKey Objectives For School And Career Readiness Essay2236 Words   |  9 PagesKey Strategic Objectives This information was gathered in an interview with Andrea Williams, Principal of Theresa Bunker Elementary School. The key objectives for this school are defined in the yearly district strategic plan. The district strategic plan states three key objective that all schools should achieve over the course of the school year. There is a key objective for literacy, numeracy, as well as college and career readiness. The literacy objective is for students to be proficient inRead MoreEducation is the key to a successful career there are many differences and opportunities between600 Words   |  3 PagesEducation is the key to a successful career; there are many differences and opportunities between an Associate degree in Nursing and a Baccalaureate degree in Nursing. The difference between an Associate degree in nursing and Baccalaureate degree is that, an Associate degree is two-three years, while a Baccalaureate degree is four years. According to Methodist College of nursing â€Å"Th e numbers of Nurses graduates from Associate-degree programs are 59%, followed by Baccalaureate programs 37% and thenRead MoreKey Roles Of One Professional Career Pathway Within Applied Psychology Essay1875 Words   |  8 PagesOutline the key roles of one professional career pathway within applied psychology and critically discuss two research areas addressed within the chosen career pathway. There are many professional pathways within psychology that an individual may apply themselves to for their career. These include: clinical, forensic, health, and educational psychology. The professional career pathway within applied psychology which will be discussed in this essay is the field of clinical psychology. Clinical psychologyRead MoreThe Key Career Academies Focus At Risk Men And Women With The Goal Of Impacting Families2063 Words   |  9 Pages Career Academies is implemented within the high school setting and strives to provide instruction in small learning communities. Additionally, the program offers youth both academics and exposure to a particular occupation or sector. The important key Career Academies focus is on partnering with local employers to provide concrete work-based learning opportunities (Wilmer and Bloom, 2014). This program is open to both at-risk men and women with the goal of impacting families that may have beganRead MoreThe Key Importance Of Education By Integrating Each Students Chosen Career Field As A Base Value970 Words   |  4 PagesMath project in November of 2015. This project included an Excel file assignment, this time focusing on finance and mortgages. The purpose of this project was to demonstrate the monetary importance of education by incorporating each students’ chosen career field as a base value, as well as to point out the advantages of investing in an IRA or 401K plan for retirement. The students were expected to make use â€Å"payment,† â€Å"present value,† and â€Å"future value† functions in Microsoft Excel to demonstrate efficiencyRead MoreThe Key Attributes of the Diversity Competency757 Words   |  4 PagesThe Key Attributes of the diversity competency It is necessary first of all to understand what is meant by diversity competency and the key attributes of the diversity competency. The diversity competency includes knowledge, skills, and abilities to value unique individual, group, and organizational characteristics, embrace such characteristics as potential sources of strength, and appreciate the uniqueness of each. The key attributes of the diversity competency include the knowledge, skillsRead MoreAnalysis On Different Employability Skills Covered Within This My First Year At University962 Words   |  4 Pagesuniversity and, evidence of how they are incorporated in my own development as a Business Leadership and Corporate Management student to successfully hold a placement for the next two years of my degree. 2. Why Employability Matters? Employability is a key determination around the way the world works. It ‘is about being capable of getting and keeping fulfilling work’ where people can move through jobs in different markets maintaining employment. (Hillage Pollard, 1998, p. 2) In 2009 a survey completedRead MoreGender Differences Between Work And Life1026 Words   |  5 Pagesviewed. There were some similarities and obvious gender differences in answers. On another note the article by Stewart Friedman, Work + home + community + self, the main focus is on three key principles to focus on to be better at integration between work and life. Each article’s content can be a guide in career planning and to help with one’s professional development. The article Manage your work, manage your life discusses the popular topic of work and life balance. Interviews were conducted andRead MoreA Career as a Computer Programmer Essay1093 Words   |  5 Pages Becoming a computer programmer would be great because there are many options in this career by having the ability to produce an operating system, or a game for the world. Computer programmers have many opportunities in life to find a job they would love. Programmers can work independently, or in a big company. Programmers have and are creating the future for computers. Computer programmers have a wide range on what they can do. Computer programmers write the detailed list of instructionsRead MoreDeveloping A Plan For Career Success1369 Words   |  6 PagesCreating Your Career Plan Developing a plan for career success can be described as journey of self-discovery. Many leaders have taken time to understand in depth their leadership skills by consistently refining skill sets but also always looking to better one self. To achieve our goals in leadership, one must develop one’s skills and construct a career plan to guide them to their goals. In the class Applying Leadership Principles, we have taken time to learn about what defines a leader and how that

Pakistan Banks Ratios Free Essays

What factors should Amerada management consider when evaluating the reposed strategy? . Calculate Marinade’s debt-to-value ratio using both the book value and market value of the firm’s equity. How does Marinade’s debt-to-value ratio compare to that of other discount brokerage and investment service companies in Exhibit 4? In general terms, how does leverage affect the rockiness of a firm’s equity? 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Pakistan Banks Ratios or any similar topic only for you Order Now Amerada has a short history of trading, so its beta cannot be computed precisely using its own historical data. Exhibit 4 provides some choices for comparable firms. Which of these firms do you think are appropriate to use as comparable to determine the beta of Marinade’s planned advertising and technology investments? Why? 4. Using the stock price and return data in Exhibits 5 and 6, estimate the CAMP beta and Fame-French factor sensitivities for the stocks of comparable firms. 5. Estimate the weighted-average cost of capital for Marinade’s proposed expansion. What risked rate do you use? Are the cost-of-capital estimates similar using the CAMP and Fame-French three-factor models? Guidelines You may work on the case in groups of 3 or 4 students. Please hand-in one write-up per group. All members of the group should be prepared to discuss the case in class. State clearly any assumptions you make and provide enough information so that a reader can follow your analysis. I would expect the case write-up to be two to three pages plus supporting tables. How to cite Pakistan Banks Ratios, Papers

Of Mice And Men Essay Example For Students

Of Mice And Men Essay Of Mice and MenThe title of the story is Of Mice and Men. The date of its original publication was in 1937The authors name was John Steinback. He was born in 1902 and died in 1968. The main character is named Lenny. Lenny is a big man. Lenny is mentally retarded and is cared for by his friend George. George is a small and stubby. George is the only friend that Lenny has and is his savior in every dumb thing Lenny does. George was basically given the job of caring for Lenny. A few miles from the Salinas River. Close to the hillside banks. In a very nice southern area with a river, mountains, and beautiful sandy land.

Flowers Essays - Charlie Pace, Charlie Harper,

Flowers For Algernon By Keyes Test and Key 1. Where is this story set? Future, in western Europe or North America 2. How old are Charlie and Miss Kinnian? 37, and 34. 3. What was the first test Charlie did, and what was it for/ What did Charlie call it? A Rorschach test, which asks the patient to say what he/she thinks of inkblots on cards. This test is to determine if Charlie is intelligent or truly retarded. Charlie called it a raw shok test. 4. How did Charlie do on the test, and why is it important? He sees no inkblots, showing that he has very little advanced thinking. He has little imagination. His brain can't do much difficult thinking, proving that he is "dumb" enough for the test. 5. What was the Thematic Apperception Test? It asked that Charlie look at pictures of people and make up stories about what they are doing in the pictures. This test also proves that Charlie is not very smart. 6. Who is Algernon? How does Charlie race against Algernon? Algernon is a mouse. Charlie is given pictures of a maze that Algernon must run through to get food. Charlie must draw the proper route out of the maze in the picture before Algernon finds it himself. 7. How is Algernon special? Why does Charlie need to do this race? Algernon is 3 times smarter than other mice because he has had an operation. Charlie must race against him now so that after his own operation, the doctors can see how much progress Charlie has made. 8. What is Charlie's IQ before the operation? After? What does the operation do? 68. ~204 to 210. The operation triples intelligence in the subject. 9. How do the two doctors decide if Charlie is right for the experiment? 1. He is mentally retarded. 2. He has motivation (like Algernon, but the mouse wants food), because he works hard to learn. 10. What kind of class does Charlie go to at night? A night school class for adults that are mentally retarded. Miss Kinian is the teacher. 11. Where does Charlie work? What is his job? Who is his boss? He is a janitor at a plastics factory. Mr. Donnegan is his boss. 12. Who are his "friends"? How do they treat him? What does it mean to "do a Charlie Gordon"? Frank and Joe. They make fun of him. When someone makes a mistake or does something stupid, they call it "doing a Charlie Gordon". 13. Who are the two doctors who perform the experiment? What are the differences between them? Dr. Nemur is an unpleasant man who wants to become rich and famous. He is in a rush to publish his experiment as a success. Dr. Strauss is a surgeon who thinks they should wait before they say anything. He is worried about Charlie. 14. What does Dr. Strauss ask Charlie to do while he sleeps? Leave the TV on low so he can learn in his sleep. 15. What happens when Charlie drinks at the party? Joe and Frank get Charlie to "show the girls" how he mops toilets, so they can laugh at him. Charlie gets a little drunk, gets sick, and a policeman brings him home. 16. Who is Charlie's landlady? What nice things does she do for Charlie? She is Mrs. Flynn. She lets him pay his rent late after he gets sick. She worries about him. She brings him food, and tries to encourage him to go out to work again. 17. Give examples of how the reader can tell that Charlie is getting smarter. He beats Algernon in the race. His spelling and writing get better. His dialogue with other people is more intelligent. He reads more and more books, or higher and higher difficulty. His learns several languages. He leans much math and science. He begins to think the doctors aren't that smart. He starts to think other people are boring because they don't understand what he is talking about. He falls in love with Miss Kinnian, seeing her as an equal, not as an old teacher. He studies the Algernon-Gordon Effect. He predicts his own demise. 18. Why does Charlie have so much sympathy for Algernon? Algernon must pass a test every time he wants food, which Charlie thinks is not very kind. 19. What happens with Ellen? What does this make Charlie realize about his "friends"? Joe and Frank get Charlie to dance with Ellen. Everyone watches and someone trips Charlie.

Canadian Embassy and Consulates in the U.S.

Canadian Embassy and Consulates in the U.S. Residents of the United States with valid passports dont need a visa to enter or travel through Canada. Likewise, most Canadian citizens dont require any visa to enter the United States, whether they are coming from Canada or another country. Some situations require visas, though, such as governmental or other officials relocating, and having the contact information of the nearest embassy or consulate handy is helpful when it comes time to renew or review these documents​ or consult officials on matters regarding Canada. The embassy and consulates are spread throughout the country and each covers a designated section of the United States. Each office can provide passport assistance  and emergency services, as well as notarial services to Canadian citizens. Consular services such as courier  delivery of voting ballots to Canada and transferring funds from Canada are available at both the embassy and the consulates. The embassy in Washington, D.C., also has a free art gallery that is open to the public. Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C.501 Pennsylvania Ave. NWWashington, D.C.20001Tel: (202) 682-1740Fax: (202) 682-7726Canadian Consulate General in Atlanta1175 Peachtree St. NE100 Colony Square, Suite 1700Atlanta, Georgia30361Tel: (404) 532-2000Fax: (404) 532-2050Canadian Consulate General in Boston3 Copley Place, Suite 400Boston, Massachusetts02116Tel: (617) 247-5100Fax: (617) 247-5190Canadian Consulate General in ChicagoTwo Prudential Plaza180 North Stetson Avenue, Suite 2400Chicago, Illinois60601Tel: (312) 616-1860Fax: (312) 616-1877Canadian Consulate General in Dallas500 N. Akard St.Suite 2900Dallas, Texas75201Tel: (214) 922-9806Fax: (214) 922-9815Canadian Consulate General in Denver1625 Broadway, Suite 2600Denver, Colorado80202Tel: (303) 626-0640Fax: (303) 572-1158Canadian Consulate General in Detroit600 Renaissance Center, Suite 1100Detroit, Michigan48243Tel: (313) 567-2340Fax: (313) 567-2164Canadian Consulate General in Los Angeles550 South Hope St., 9th FloorLos Angeles, Cal ifornia90071Tel: (213) 346-2700Fax: (213) 346- 2797 Canadian Consulate General in Miami200 South Biscayne Blvd., Suite 1600Miami, Florida33131Tel: (305) 579-1600Fax: (305) 346-2767Canadian Consulate General in Minneapolis701 Fourth Ave. S., Suite 900Minneapolis, Minnesota55415Tel: (612) 333-4641Fax: (612) 332-4061Canadian Consulate General in New York City1251 Avenue of the AmericasConcourse LevelNew York, New York10020Tel: (212) 596-1628Fax: (212) 596-1790Canadian Consulate General - San Francisco580 California St., 14th floorSan Francisco, California94104Tel: (415) 834-3180Fax: (415) 834-3189Canadian Consulate General - Seattle1501 4th Ave., Suite 600Seattle, Washington98101Tel: (206) 443-1777Fax: (206) 443-9662

Flexibility in Information Systems Context Essay

Flexibility in Information Systems Context - Essay Example Cloud computing and its components are a further development of utility computing and in our discussion we shall often use cloud computing to encompass both concepts. The idea behind cloud computing if it could be simplified is that businesses will no longer have to focus on initial investment in IT hardware, upgrades, software licenses and fixed maintenance fees, but on the variable investment on IT resources based on consumption under pay-as-you-use models (Siemens IT Solutions and Services, 2009). The recent credit crunch has created a number of significant challenges especially with regards to capital availability. This has implied that businesses are increasingly finding it difficult to maintain operations and grow in the short term. Also, we cannot neglect the impact of globalisation for example the effects of the credit crunch are not uniform around the world. The emerging markets such as China and India have experienced less significant slowdowns compared to the developed countries yet globalization has meant that businesses must remain competitive regardless of their location (Verizon Business, 2009) because the world has become a single market. This necessitates that businesses have to be redefined if they are to survive today or in the future. Utility computing offers business the option to shift their IT investments and costs from fixed to variable costs. However, more importantly, according to Gliedman, Erickson and Brown (2004) utility computing offers businesses the much needed flexibility, scalability and adaptability to confidently face rapid business changes and future business uncertainties. The first phase towards flexibility for a business is where the organisation is referred to as the isolated enterprise. Here the enterprise is characterised by undefined assets, IT silos, incompatibility and lack of processes (Starkey, 2009). Silos occur naturally within

Week eleven forum Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week eleven forum - Term Paper Example Surrealist desires includes our primordial want for sex, fame, fortune and other instincts which when taken into excess are considered base. Thus, advertising such as the one employed by Carls Jr which is supposed to be a wholesome product has to associate with "sexism" when it used Terry Crews sexy innuendos to communicate subtly that the product is delectable and improve Carls Jr position in the market. The list goes on, employing the same surrealist principle of appealing to our subconscious desires. The approach is so effective that even products that could kill could have patronage. The classic example is the cigarette Marlboro which employs an absurd advertising (before it was banned) under the slogan "Marlboro Country which is really nothing except to depict an Alpha male stature that anyone who will not smoke Marlboro are considered as "others" and therefore inferior, less sexy and

Deep Ecology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Deep Ecology - Essay Example Deep ecology is a belief, while religion is defined as beliefs that are concerned with nature, purpose and the cause of the universe. As a religion, its dominant tenet of spirituality is that human species are part of the earth and not a separate entity. This paper will argue out that deep ecology is a religion. The main principle of deep ecology is a belief, just like humanity, that the environment which is living has an equal right to blossom and live. It is said to be deep due to its persistence questioning on â€Å"how† and â€Å"why† and as a result, it is based on philosophical questions which are fundamental on the effects of human beings life as a part of the ecosphere, rather than dealing with the minor view of ecology as a biological science branch. In addition it focuses to stem anthropocentric environmentalism that is based on environmental conservation with an aim of exploiting human objectives which buffers the philosophy of deep ecology. It seeks more vie w of the world that we leave in a holistic way, and further, seeks an application of life understanding that separates the functioning of the ecosystem parts as a whole. In addition, it seeks to eliminate the issue of supremacy in religion life, of which it is impossible to give concrete evidence that eliminates the existence of God. The happenings in the world alone can tell that there is a supreme power that is in control of the living and the non living. Policies of ecologically take into account only the concerns on pollution and resources depletion. It is relevant to note that there is deeper issues which are involved with the principles of diversity, autonomy, complexity and decentralization in deep ecological movement. The act of referencing human beings in the environment is a favor to the rationale total field image. Organisms have an intrinsic relationship. As a result of this, it dissolves concepts of the human-in-environment. In addition, the ecological field worker has a deep seated respect or the veneration for the kinds and forms of life. Human beings acquire an understanding from within. This kind of understanding is also reserved for other human as well as for narrow sections of life forms. The intrinsic relationship that is within organism in the environment is as a result of the common ground of creation that everything originates from. The world did not just come to exist, but God who is supreme brought this up, and beings cannot be the most relevant to the environment on their own. In addition, the equal right of individuals to live and flourish is clearly intuitive and value of axiom. Furthermore, its restriction to life of human is anthropocentrism with effects which are detrimental on human life quality. The quality pleasure depends on the satisfaction that is received from a correlation which is close with other life forms. The attempt of giving dump ears to our dependency and the establishment of other roles which are master levels a contribution to human alienation. The egalitarianism of ecology claims that the reinterpretation of future research variables on human population levels and loss of life is equally not taken seriously. This is because it is beyond human understanding; the life of human is unclear on how it came to be. It is therefore obvious that we are taken care of by a supreme being who gave breath to the souls on earth and at any time the ability to breathe is

Different Temperatures On Degradation

Different Temperatures On Degradation Abstract: This experiment was planned to study how different temperatures can affect the loss of vitamin C in orange juice stored for a fixed period of time. Equal volume of freshly squeezed orange juices with known (initial) vitamin C concentration were stored at different temperatures i.e. 10oC, 20 oC, 30 oC, 40 oC, 50 oC and 60 oC for a constant duration of 5 days. After the storage period, the vitamin C concentration for each temperature was measured by DCPIP titration and the difference relative to the initial concentration was calculated to calculate the amount of vitamin C reduced. The result of this experiment showed that the amount of vitamin C lost increases with the increase in temperature and 10oC was the best temperature that gave the least reduction in vitamin C concentration. An analysis using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient has revealed a strong positive linear relationship between the two variables with the calculated r value exceeds the critical value at 5 % si gnificant level thus, supporting the experimental hypothesis. Keywords: vitamin C, ascorbic acid, DCPIP (dichlorophenolindophenol) Research and Rationale: Vitamin C is a remarkable compound derived from one of the ascorbic enantiomers, L-ascorbate. It is a water soluble vitamin that cannot be naturally synthesized in human body.1 Therefore, it is vital to have our diet balanced with adequate amount of it every day. There are two important roles played by vitamin C; antioxidant and collagen formation.2 These two features have placed vitamin C in a class of its own as a future potential in fostering better health. A previous research regarding relationship between vitamin C and human brain has shown that vitamin C could help drugs to pass the blood brain barrier.6 This would enable brain diseases such as Parkinson to be effectively treated as artificial dopamine can be delivered directly to the brain. At the same time, the biggest challenge in bone marrow treatment i.e. getting enough cells, could possibly be solved as a recent study by Dunagqing Pei13 on vitamin C, has found that it can boost the production and pluripotency of stem cells in human body. However, Vitamin C is also known to be very vulnerable towards heat. The precursor of vitamin C, ascorbic acid, has molecular of C6H8O6. The proximity of highly electronegative oxygen atoms on the hydroxyl (OH) groups makes the hydrogen atoms to become easily detached from the structure. Meanwhile, the presence of heat causes the hydroxyl bond to break the ascorbic acid is said to undergo destruction or oxidation by losing hydrogen atoms, forming dehydroascorbic acid. Therefore, it is suggested that the rate of ascorbic acid destruction is significantly greater at higher temperature.* Diagram 1. The structure of Ascorbic Acid.7 Diagram 2. Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid.8 Most of the studies on vitamin C degradation are principally based on the effect of storage condition and period, and very few were done on identifying the degradation trend within a specific range of temperature. Previous research3, on the effect of storage methods and conditions on vitamin C retention in human milk revealed that freezing reduces the least amount of vitamin C as compared to other storage methods, followed by refrigeration which is better than cold water. Another study at Ankara University4, has shown an inverse relationship between temperature and retention rate of vitamin C in citrus fruit concentrates, while orange fruit was found to have higher retention ability than the others. Therefore, this experiment was aimed to find a specific trend regarding the effect of temperature on the loss of vitamin C. Citrus fruits (orange) were used in this experiment due to appreciable amount of vitamin C that they have, thus, increasing the reliability of the results. The results from this study can be used to illustrate how certain temperatures can cause drastic change in vitamin C hence, increasing the awareness on appreciating the effort of preserving vitamin C content in food for optimum health benefit. For instance, in agricultural tropical regions that grow citrus fruits, it becomes very vital to preserve the fruits at low temperature if possible due to higher chance of vitamin C destruction than other regions. Experimental Hypothesis: The higher the temperature, the higher the degradation of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the different temperature and the degradation of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. PLANNING Trial: 1) Choosing the best citrus fruits: 4.2 Five types of citrus fruits were randomly chosen, namel: lemon, lime, grapefruit, Clementine and orange. The fresh juice of each fruit was obtained through cutting and squeezing. The vitamin C content for each juice was determined by titration against 1 ml of 1 % DCPIP. The titration was repeated two times to get an average volume of the juice needed to decolourise DCPIP. The result: The least volume of orange was needed to decolourise DCPIP, indicating that it has the highest vitamin C content. Therefore, orange fruit was chosen as it would give significant response towards different temperatures. 3) Determining the best storage period: Several orange fruits were squeezed to obtain fresh orange juice that would be enough for its vitamin C content to be measured on daily basis. Firstly, the initial vitamin C content of the juice was measured and 4.8 ml was needed to decolourise 1 ml of DCPIP solution. Equal volume of the remaining juice was divided into two beakers and each was stored in an incubator of different temperatures (10 oC and 60 oC). Two distinctive temperatures were chosen to allow easy comparison of the trend in each temperature. The result: The result shows no more change in volume of juice required after 5 days for 60 oC. Therefore, storage period of five days were chosen for the main experiment. MAIN EXPERIMENT Variables: Manipulated variable: Different temperatures (oC) (6 incubators were set at different temperatures of 10 oC, 20 oC 0, 30 oC, 40 oC, 50 oC and 60 oC) Responding variable: Amount of vitamin C lost (By DCPIP titration, the difference between initial and final vitamin C concentration in each juice was calculated to determine the concentration of vitamin C reduced) Fixed variables : Storage period, volume and concentration of DCPIP, type of fruits (The storage period was five days. 1ml of 0.1% DCPIP Used for each titration) Apparatus: Beakers, knife, test tubes, syringes, Parafilm, aluminium paper, incubators, mortar and pestle, measuring cylinder. Materials: Orange fruits, 1% dichlorophenolinophenol (DCPIP) solution, distilled water, 500 mg vitamin C tablet. Real Experimental Procedures: Standardizing Vitamin C Concentration: 1) A tablet of 500 mg vitamin C tablet was crushed into fine powders using a mortar and a pestle. 2) The powdery form of vitamin C was then dissolved into 100 ml of distilled water in a beaker to form 5 mg/ml of ascorbic solution. 3) 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution was measured and placed into a test tube by using a syringe. 4) 1 ml of 5 mg/ml of ascorbic acid solution was then taken using a syringe and added drop by drop into the measured DCPIP solution until decolourised. 5) The volume of ascorbic acid solution needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution was recorded. 6) The titration process was repeater three times to get an average volume. The result of titration is as follows: Volume of Juice Titrated / ml Hence, 2.5 ml of 5 mg/ml of ascorbic acid solution was needed to decolourise 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution To find a formula to calculate vitamin C concentration in orange juice, Conc. of orange juice (mg/ml) Vol. of orange juice (mg/ml) = 5 mg/ml 2.5 ml Since the volume needed to decolourise is proportional to vitamin C concentration. So. Conc. of orange juice (ml) 2.5 ml = 5 mg/ml Vol. of orange juice (mg/ml) 2.5 ml Concentration of orange juice (mg/ml) = X 5 mg/ml Vol. of orange juice (ml) Therefore, this calculation would be used to calculate the vitamin C concentration. Determining vitamin C loss: 10 orange fruits were cut and squeezed to obtain fresh juice. 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution was measured and placed into a test tube by using a syringe. 1 ml syringe was filled with the orange juice and added drop by drop into the DCPIP solution until it decolourised. The volume of juice added was recorded. The titration was repeated five times to get an average volume and its vitamin C concentration was calculated using the derived formula. The juice was then divided into 6 equal volumes and each placed into 100 ml beaker. The top of each beaker was sealed with Parafilm and its surface was wrapped with aluminium paper and labelled with different temperatures. The beakers were placed in six incubators of different temperatures according to the label and left for five days. After five days, the beakers were sealed off. 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution was measured and transferred into a test tube by using a syringe. The orange juice stored in 10 oC was taken by a syringe and added drop by drop into the DCPIP until it decolourised. The volume of juice added was recorded The titration was titrated three times to get an average volume and its vitamin C concentration was calculated using the formula: 2.5 ml Concentration of orange juice (mg/ml) = X 5 mg/ml Vol. of orange juice (ml) Steps 8-10 were repeated but this time using the orange juices stored in oC, 30 oC, 40 oC, 50 oC and 60 oC. The difference between the initial concentration and the final concentration of each juice was calculated to determine the amount of vitamin C lost. Risk Assessment: The process of cutting the orange fruits required the use of knife, so it was done carefully to avoid any injury. The fruits were then squeezed very gently to minimise heat production. The juice was only prepared right before the experiment was about to be carried out. DCPIP is a strong dye which is hard to be removed so lab coat was worn. During the titration of juice against DCPIP, the test tube was not shaken vigorously to avoid oxygen from dissolving. The juice was discarded immediately after the experiment. Results: The initial vitamin C concentration: Volume Needed to Decolourise DCPIP Solution (ml) Therefore, 4.6 ml of the fresh orange juice needed to decolourise DCPIP. So, 2.5 ml Initial vitamin C concentration = X 5 mg/ml 4.6 ml = 2.7174 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  2.72 mg/ml Hence, the vitamin C reduced: = 2.72 X * x is Vitamin C concentration left. Vitamin C concentration lost in different temperatures: Statistical Analysis: Based on the result from the table, it is known that there is an obvious trend and correlation between the temperature and vitamin C loss. Therefore, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PMCC) was chosen to measure the strength of this relationship. In this method, the value of correlation coefficient, r needs to be calculated which ranges from -1 to 1. The details of its values are as follow: 0 < r à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 1 = positive linear relationship -1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ r < 0 = negative linear relationship à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ (1750 X 3.68388) * Critical values for PMCC in appendix 1 Therefore, the value of correlation coefficient, r, using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient has shown a strong positive linear relationship between temperatures and loss of vitamin C. Hence, null hypothesis is rejected. Data Analysis: Table 4 shows the volume of the freshly-squeezed orange juice needed to decolourise 1ml of 1% DCPIP solution. The average volume was used to calculate the concentration of vitamin C present initially. Meanwhile, Table 5 shows the amount of vitamin C concentration reduced after being stored at different temperatures for five days. From the table, there is an inverse relationship between the vitamin C concentration left and the amount of vitamin C lost. There is also a huge difference in the amount of vitamin C left between the juice stored in 10 oC andt the one stored at 60 oC, which is 2.11 mg/ml. This represents 77.6% of the original concentration of vitamin C. The calculated statistical correlation coefficient, r of 0.9584 is absolutely a strong indicator to support this relationship. Graph 1 illustrates the trends and correlation between the two variables. From the graph, it can be concluded that generally, the higher the temperature, the higher the amount of vitamin C lost. 10 oC is the best temperature that gave the least reduction in vitamin C level with only 0.12 mg/ml (4.4%) decrease after five days. Meanwhile, 60 oC caused maximum drop in concentration after five days with 2.23 mg/ml (82%) of vitamin C had lost. The largest gap in vitamin C loss occurred between 40 oC and 50 oC with 1 mg/ml (37%) of increase recorded. Based on the graph, the amount of degradation at 20 oC and 30 oC opposed the general trends when 0.6 mg/ml vitamin C had lost at 10 oC which is greater than 0.56 mg/ml at 30 oC. However, the difference is so small which suggests that this anomaly might be due to several reasons: Higher rate of oxidation of ascorbic acid by oxygen in the atmosphere. False end-point titration Apart from that, the results obtained have also shown that there is only a little change in vitamin C concentration from 10 oC to 30 oC. However, drastic change in concentration started to occur after 40 oC. This suggests that orange fruits should be kept below 30 oC with better vitamin C retention at lower temperature. Evaluation: From the results of the experiment, the huge difference in vitamin C lost between 40 oC and 50oC could be explained by the presence of enzyme ascorbate oxidase in citrus fruits. The function of this enzyme is still not fully understood, but one best suggestion is that it might involve in controlling the oxidation process of ascorbic acid.12 Just like any other enzymes, when the optimum temperature is exceeded, the bonds holding the ascorbate oxidase together start to break and it is said to be denatured. Therefore, the destruction of ascorbic acid takes place without any control. Measurement of vitamin C in this experiment was done by titrating the juice against dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP). It is a strong oxidizing agent with distinctive blue colour and decolourised when being reduced by vitamin C.15 Therefore, the destruction of vitamin C by heat means that more is needed to decolourise DCPIP solution. Oxidation of DCPIP by oxygen in the atmosphere is one of the limitations of this experiment. Hence, the test tubes were not shaken vigorously during titration in order to minimise this limitation as vigorous moves can increase the rate of oxygen dissolving in a solution. The other limitation could be the side decomposition of vitamin C due to the presence of light and air. Just like temperature, ultraviolet ray from incidence light causes the hydroxyl bond in ascorbic acid to break, thus become oxidised. To reduce this limitation, the beakers containing orange juice to be stored at different temperatures were neatly wrapped with aluminium paper which is a good reflector of light and heat. The surfaced of the beakers were also sealed with Parafilm. This would prevent the entry of air and significantly reduce unnecessary oxidation of vitamin C in the juice. Several modifications can be made in the future to improve the accuracy and reliability of the results of this experiment. Iodine titration could be used as an alternative for DCPIP titration. Although this technique may require the use of more reagents, the result from the trial experiment has shown that the end point of titration is much easier to be identified. Besides, orange juice could be obtained by blending the peeled orange fruits instead of squeezing them. This ensures maximum amount of juice obtained from each fruit as well as preventing destruction of vitamin C by heat. Finally, percentage of vitamin C degraded can be used as the response variable instead of concentration. This would allow clearer illustration of the amount of vitamin C reduced for the readers and also make the comparison process easier. Conclusion: Based on the result of this experiment, it can be concluded that the higher the temperature, the greater the degradation of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. The statistically calculated r value using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, 0.9584, is significantly higher than the critical value at 5% significance level thus, providing a strong evidence to support the hypothesis. Appendices: Appendix 1 The table of significance values for PMCC Sources Evaluation: Several recourses were used in providing me important information in completing this assignment. Sources 1 and 2 are books that are specially made about fruit management and also detailed information about vitamin C as well as compelling research on it. Both books were published after year 2005, so the information available is mostly up to date. Besides, I have also accessed journals available online. Sources 3 and 4 come from two well known websites for food and nutrition based journals. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition is a trustable website with over 3100 members, publishing up to dates research related to nutrition and human. Sources 7, 8 and 9 are chemistry based websites, serving enormous information on the structures and reaction of biological compounds. Chemwiki is a virtual online based chemistry textbook, accessed by millions of people searching for chemistry knowledge. Sources 10 and 11 are websites exclusively made for vitamin C. The Vitamin C Foundation, for instance, is recognised by Internal Revenue Service, IRS in protecting vast information about vitamin C for public reference. Source 12, Scientific American magazine is a popular scientific magazine established for nearly two centuries since 1845 with more than 3.5 million readers all over the world. Therefore, there would be no doubt in reliability of the content in this magazine.

Sakat Chauth Essay --

Sakat Chauth Vrat is observed on the fourth day of Krishna paksha, (the fading phase of moon) in the month of Magha according to Hindu lunar calendar. Next Sakat Chauth will fall on January 19th in 2014. This is also called as Ganesh Chauth or Tilkuta Chauth. Lord Ganesha and Moon god is worshiped on Sakat Chauth. This vrat is mainly observed in North India and this day is celebrated as Tilkut Chauth. A full day fast is observed on this day. It is believed that fasting on Sakat Chauth removes all obstacles from life and Ganesha blesses his devotees with health, fortune and good children. Sakat Chauth vrat method: On this day, married women who are observing the fast get up early morning and take bath, after which they wear new cloths, clean up the place of worship and chant â€Å"Om Ganeshaaya Namah" mantra108 times. During the day devotees observe fast. However milk, tea and fruits are allowed. In the evening a Mandap is decorated in which Ganesha idol is placed. The idol is decorated with flowers and Doorva (grass) is offered to Ganesha. Desserts pr...